
A 100-150L hot-water tank stores 4-8 kWh as heat — about the same capacity as a small home battery. A €50 smart relay on the existing tank pays itself back within the first heating season.

Resistive floor heating is in most Estonian homes and most of it runs dumb. The slab is essentially a thermal battery; price-aware scheduling captures spot-price spreads while the room temperature barely moves.

A 10 kWh home battery earns ~€730/year from spot arbitrage alone. Stacked with aggregated frequency-reserve revenue (only available via a BSP), the same hardware can clear above 10% IRR.

On a sunny April afternoon, a 10 kW rooftop array can produce 8 kWh and lose money in the same hour. Smart self-consumption + curtailment + battery routing is what makes solar pay in 2025 Estonia.

A 50 kWh top-up costs about €15 at 02:00 or €45 at 18:00. Smart charging on OCPP-compatible wallboxes re-optimises every day against tomorrow’s spot prices, saving 50-70% on EV charging.

A heat pump is the largest steady electrical load in winter, paired with a thermal mass that doubles as a battery. Price-aware scheduling captures spreads of 5-10x between cheap night hours and expensive mornings.